ACTA HISTORIAE MEDICINAE STOMATOLOGIAE PHARMACIAE MEDICINAE VETERINARIAE
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Publisher: Scientific Society for the History of Health Culture, Belgrade
ISSN 0352-7840 (print)
ISSN 2466-2925 (online)
UDK 61+615+616.31+619(091)
DOI 10.25106/ahm
Frequency: biannual
The journal Acta Historiae is an open access (CC BY) external double-blind peer reviewed academic periodical; every manuscript is evaluated by two independent experts on the subject matter. The journal publishes original scientific articles, review articles, short scientific articles, reviews and bibliographies from fields of history of medicine, medical deontology, history of mentality, private life, urban and rural everyday life and living conditions, structure of urban and rural settlements, history, demography, boundaries, as well as the history of architecture and urban planning in the context of history, culture and health care institutions.
The first issue of the journal was published in 1961 and for three decades it was one of the most modern, open and dynamic Yugoslavian journals.
The journal is also available on the Copernicus and CEEOL databases.
Editor in chief is prof. dr Nikola Samardžić
Pages
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- PHYSICIANS AND PHILOSOPHERS THAT INFLUENCED ERASISTRATUS OF SAMOS
- Summary/Abstract: The aim of this paper is to shed some light on numerous physicians and philosophers that have influenced Erasistratus of Samos. His philosophy has numerous influences: (1) Alcmaeon’s experimental approach to anatomy and physiology; (2) Heraclitus’ philosophy of motion as a feature of life; (3) Leucippus and Democritus’atomism as the basis of cell theory in biology and medicine; (4) Anaximander’s theory of evolution; (5) Empedocles’ concept of bloodstream, resuscitation and his philosophy of medicine in general; (6) Anaxagoras’ philosophy of medicine; (7) Philosophy of medicine of Erasistratus’ immediate teachers: his father (also a physician), Metrodorus of Athens, Chrysippus of Cnidos, Herophilus of Chalcedon and Praxagoras; (8) Aristotle and Th eophrastus’ philosophy of biology and their methodology; (9) the philosophy of Epicurus; and (10) last but not least, the mechanics of the Alexandrian period. Out of all of these infl uences, I have analyzed in detail the first seven, since they are essential for understanding of Erasistratus’ work. Th e other three are too extensive for this article, so I will refer the reader to the relevant literature.
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- Pešačko kretanje u funkcji unapređenja javnog gradskog prostora i javnog zdravlja u Beogradu
- Summary/Abstract: Human scale in focus of urban planning and design has as an objective to encourage the incense of walking as an integrated urban policy aimed at developing a lively, safe, sustainable and healthy cities. The e creation of healthy city is increased by pedestrian movement and cycling, which becomes a natural part of everyday patterns in urban activity. This is also the way of reducing public health issues since the majority of urban population has become sedentary. These objectives can be achieved by increased concern for the human dimension in urban planning and design, reflected in different requirements for quality life in a city. The above-stated reflects the level of social investment (particularly in the area of health care and transportation infrastructure) because the price of implementing the human dimension turned out to be low, so the investment in this area is considered to be possible for all the cities in all parts of the world, regardless of their developmental status and financial power. Walking and pedestrian space was analysed from two aspects - medical and physical (spatial). The focus of the medical aspect is in determining the importance of walking as a moderate physical activity on human health and the ways in which pedestrian environment directly affects the mood of a pedestrian. From the physical point of view the elements of the pedestrian environment are analysed on the spatial-analytic level of detail, as redundant artefacts of pedestrian area. The objective of these analyses is to determine the general recommendations with regard to improving the quality of open public spaces as direct pedestrian environment, which may result in increased intensity of walking observed as moderate physical activity. The research polygon covers the network of pedestrian spaces in the Belgrade city centre, which is considered as the most intensively used pedestrian area of the city.
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- Physicians as Collectors of Folk Medicine Records in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the End of the 19th and in the Early 20th Century
- Summary/Abstract: The paper discusses the phenomena of collecting of folk medicine materials by physicians who worked in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. These first physicians – ethnographers, along with their regular services in medical institutions, also begin collecting and recording data related to the folk’s forms of treatment of different diseases, popular beliefs about the causes of disease and ways of protecting. Their observations are published in the Glasniku Zemaljskog Muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini (Journal of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina). While on the one hand enthusiastically collecting data and material relics, thus endeavouring to preserve this part of the national culture, on the other hand, as representatives of the official medical system, challenge the value of the folk’s treatment methods and want to replace them with, as they stated, more rational methods of official medicine. The paper focuses on the two periods of operation of the aforementioned physicians, one during the Austrian administration and the other during the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Both periods are characterized by the interest of the physicians to the folk medicine, but also by their popular public education work, especially at the time of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in order to replace local folk healers with the medical professions and institutions who will be the only responsible for the issues of diagnosis and treatment of illness.
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- Physicians as an Example of Transition of Intellectual Elites Through the Different Social and Political Regimes
- Summary/Abstract: In this paper the contributions of four scientists and physicians Miroslav Čačković, Teodor Wickerhauser, Dragutin Mašek and Andrija Štampar who were active in the period between the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and socialism in Croatia is observed. This study has been undertaken as an example of the transition of elite’s intellectuals who had a certain importance in the political, social and cultural domain, as well as certain sciences and professions. Those elite medical figures, with their education, administrative position and competencies established fields of activity andfinally the institutions over which they extended their authority, managed to maintain the continuity of existence through two wars and the transition between three sociopolitical systems. The research confirmed that the example of prominent doctors and scientists who worked through the three political systems in Croatia can be seen in all the determinants set by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu by observing the craft of scientists, autonomy and access rights, scientific capital and scientific positions within scientific fields.
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- Production of Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Preparations in Pharmacies in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Austro-Hungarian Period
- Summary/Abstract: In the Austro-Hungarian period (1878−1918) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) an increasing number of modern pharmacies began to open. According to the regulations passed in 1878 and 1907, which regulated the pharmacy activity, the owner of a pharmacy could only be a Doctor of Chemistry or a Master of Pharmacy with a degree from an Austro-Hungarian university. Only a Master of Pharmacy or an assistant with an appropriate diploma would be able to prepare and dispense medications, in accordance with the current pharmacopoeia and list prices. Advertisements for various medications and preparations, mostly made in pharmacies throughout the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, can be found in printed publications from that period. Over time, the local pharmacists also began to advertise the products made in their pharmacies. The existence and availability of certain products were advertised that way, the people were getting used to it and the consumer market was being shaped. Advertisements often contained detailed health problems that could be cured or suppressed by the use of the advertised pharmaceuticals, so it could be said that they partly promoted health and disease prevention, and improvement of the health care system at that time. Pharmacists from BIH who advertised their preparations mostly made cosmetics, certain pharmaceutical drugs and preparations for domestic animals. Some products would be awarded at exhibitions, sold in the Monarchy and beyond, used by prominent people, and the existence of many grateful users would be stated. The cosmetic preparations would eliminate certain skin problems and contribute to the preservation of beauty. Pharmaceutical preparations treated or eliminated a number of different problems, contributed to oral, dental and hair hygiene, and some helped with domestic animals’ health problems. This could lead to the conclusion that BIH pharmacists tried, with their knowledge and the offer of preparations they made, to be competitive with the numerous imported products of other pharmacists from the Monarchy who also advertised.
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- Razvoj zdravstvene službe u Veneciji (Magistrato alla sanita)
- Summary/Abstract: The development of medical services in Venice started in the mid 14th century and it was predominantly influenced by the outbreak of the plague (Black Death), after which the first health care regulations were introduced. Several decades on, the organization of the health care service was finalized. Regulations passed by the Senate in the mid 15th century were of major importance. Several decades later, a separate Magistrate (Magistrato alla Sanità) was set up to deal with public health care. This institution continued to operate in an almost unchanged form until the final fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797.
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- Rekonstrukcija zdravog javnog prostora nastanak, nestajanje i obnova na primeru Kliničkog centra Srbije
- Summary/Abstract: Th is research examined a range of possibilities for transforming Th e Clinical Centre of Serbia district into a healthy place and investigates the circumstances that led to the establishment and later diminishment of its healthful qualities throughout the characteristic periods of its development. Th e vast area of the Clinical Centre was initially planned as one of the first public parks of the 19th century Serbia. Urban planning and aesthetics of this public place mirrored the prevailing paradigm of the modern European cities of the era, providing greenery and fresh air to improve the living conditions and sanitary habits. However, once the area was occupied by the General and Military Hospital and later Th e Clinical Centre,this space experienced decay and gradual diminishment as healthful from the image of the city. Th e existing medical institutions built upon the functionalist postulates of Modernism missed to establish close contacts with green public spaces or to benefit from the characteristic views. In reverse, their grouping and hermetic appearance contributed to the stigmatization of this space and caused spatial and social isolation from the city life, which in time resulted with neglect and further malfunction of public spaces. While considering possibilities for revitalizing this quarter, diverse methodologies of visual analysis and engage criteria of healthy places based on recent theories in the domain of human ecology were applied. The results reveal a number of critical issues in this context and point to a few possibilities for improvement dependent on the ability of this space to fulfill its tripartite role and address physical, social and psychological needs of all users.
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- Republicanism, Political Changes and Mental Illness in Portugal (1889–1926)
- Summary/Abstract: For the last decades, Portuguese historiography has been well aware of republican movement and, subsequently, party, founded in 1876, analysing its complexities, ideological heterogeneity, political options and the nature of public intervention until 1910, being this a year decisive moment of institutional rupture in Portugal, by the rise of republican regime.Although the continuous efforts, some topics on Portuguese republicanism and Republican Regime remain not fully understood in a comprehensive manner, relevant in order to achieve a broader framework to Portuguese political ideas and opposition’s nature or practice to monarchical liberal system. One of these aspects is the construction of republican discourse on public health and, more particularly, on issues of mental sanity since July 4th 1889, year of mental illness bill, up to 1910. The present paper intends to give some contributions on the matters previously appointed. Structured in three parts, the text aims to provide a characterization of Portuguese situation on mental illness during the second half of 19th century. Based on institutional sources – government’ journals, diaries of legislative chambers, hospitals balances and documents from kingdom’ ministry – scientific reports and press, the first part introduces a global frame regarding data for people affected, specialized facilities, the insertion of psychiatric illness on general hospitals, the relation between mental diseases and charity institutions, most frequent treatments and financial resources associated. The second part relies on the analysis of republican propaganda and interventions on mental diseases, in order to understand the role and relevance played in the images built by Republic Party on Portuguese monarchical’ institutions. Special emphasis should be given to the works produced by eminent republicans, with degree in medicine, António José de Almeida (1866–1929), and others, specialized on mental diseases like Miguel Bombarda (1851–1910) or Egas Moniz (1874–1955), by a systematic use of scientific arguments to criticized the Portuguese political structures, considered as the result of straight relation with Catholic Church. On the other hand, the same kind of scientific arguments would be applied to underline the structural incapacities intrinsic to royal families and, for extension, the harmful associated to monarchist administration (Antão de Melo, A Imbecilidade e Degenerescencia das Famílias Reais, Lisboa, 1908). The third part is devoted to transformations projected on new institutional environment and those effectively executed on mental illness assistance after the proclamation of Portuguese Republic. Particular attention should be provided to bill approved on this issue in 11th April 1911, to underline main republican options, observing its implementation and limitations. The analysis ought to be also focused on controversial relations between laicist Republic and religious congregations, expelled out of the country in October 1910; the one of the exceptions being the order of Saint John of God, devoted to mental diseases patients.