Anthropology in Serbia and Montenegro developed under similar circumstances and underwent three larger stages. The first period, from the middle of the XIX to the beginning of the XX century, is characterized by unsystematic gathering of data by scientists working in different areas (geology, geography, archaeology, ethnology). During the second period, from the beginning of the XX century until the beginning of World War II, anthropology developed as part of the hygiene department, and it was introduced into certain institutions as the science of man. The University of Belgrade started teaching anthropology in 1906 as the general science of man with specific subjects (anthropogeography, ethnology, biology, certain medical sciences). Special attention was devoted to the exploration of human morphology, his biotipology, human races, and their varieties. The third stage includes the period after World War II. In this period, in comparison with previous stages, anthropology in Serbia and Montenegro became institutionalized, expanded its area of work, and connected with international anthropological institutions, especially after the Yugoslav Anthropological Society was founded (1959). During this period annual anthropological scientific conferences with international participation are held continually, certain university centers included anthropology in their program of studies, publishing is expanded, and all areas of anthropological research are developed, which is further discussed in the oral presentation. Fourth period in development of anthropology in Serbia and Montenegro begins with reorganizing Yugoslav anthropological Society on XXXI congress which is held in May 1992 in Kotor (Montenegro). At that time, some republics won their independence, so members left, and only Serbian and Montenegrian members stayed in this very successful scientific organization.
