Starinar
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Der kulturelle Charakter und die Chronologie der Star~evo-Elemente im Neolithikum der westlichen Balkanregionen
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Dies ist der zweite Aufsatz im Rahmen einer Serie von Aufsätzen, in denen eine Analyse des aus Serbein stammenden, ausschließlich veröffentlichten neolithischen Materials vorgenommen wird. Es wird der Versuch unternommen, alle bisherigen Auffassungen über den Neolithisierungsprozess des Zentralbalkans zu systematisieren, bzw. die Position und Rolle der Star~evo- und Vin~a-Kulturgruppe innerhalb dieses komplexen kulturgeschichtlichen Prozesses in Südosteuropa festzstellen. In Diesem Aufsatz knüpfen wir an unseren früher geäußerten Standpunkt über die offenen Fragen der Herausbildung und Definition der Star~evo-Gruppe an und beschäftigen uns mit der kulturell-chrnonologischen Position von Star~evo-Elementen außerhalb ihres Ursprungsgebietes. In diesem Sinne haben wir einerseits anhand von Beispielen aus Zentralbosnien und Albanien versucht, die Rolle der Komponente der Star~evo-Kultur bei der Entstehung lokaler Kulturgruppen im Rahmen der sog. Übergangszone zu rekonstruieren. Andererseits wollten wir zeigen, im welchem Maße die mangelnden Erkenntnisse über die Genese der Star~evo-Gruppe, welche unmittelbar mit der ständig aufgeschobenen Veröffentlichung der Forschungsergebnisse über die Star~evo-Siedlungen zusammenhängen, sich auf falsche Schlussfolgerungen bei der kulturell-chronologischen Bestimmung der Star~evo-Elemente außerhalb ihres Ursprungsgebietes auswirken.
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Die byzantinische Höhenanlage auf der Jelica in Serbien – ein Beispiel aus dem nördlichen Illyricum des 6. Jh.
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In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die wichtigsten Ausgrabungsresultate der mehrschichtigen Höhenanlage Gradina auf dem Jelica–Gebirge bei ^a~ak, im heutigen Westserbien, dargestellt. Die vorgeschichtlichen und mittelalterlichen Horizonte werden nur erwähnt, während dem frühbyzantinischen, generell ins 6. Jh. datierten, Achtung geschenkt wird. Untersucht werden die Höhenlage, die Fortifikationsreste, verschiedene profane Objekte, fünf Kirchen, wovon eine mit Baptisterium in welchem Freskenüberreste in situ geborgen wurden, und Gräber. Im Fundrepertoire überwiegt das romanische Material, das aber mit einigen Funden germanischer Prägung durchdrungen ist. Angenommen wird, daß es sich bei der Gradina auf der Jelica um eine frühbyzantinische befestigte Höhenanlage mit zentralörtlicher Funktion handelt.
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Domaće stanovništvo municipija S. u svetlosti novih epigrafskih svedočanstava
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Die inschriftlich überlieferte Namengebung des Munizipiums S. iM heutigen Dorf Komini bei Pljevlja und seiner weiterenUmgebung (vor allem von Kolovrat iM Limtal bei Prijepolje) zeichnet sich durch eine verhälntismäßig hohe Anzahl einheimischer Personennamen aus. Sie war der Gegenstand unserer Magisterarbeit "Epigraphische Denkmäler und die Romanisation des mittelbalkanischen Gebiets" (Belgrad 1993), wo die Annahmen der früheren Forschung über "Namengebiete" in diesem Teil des Balkans (Kati~i}, Rendi} Alföldy) überprüft und präzisiert werden. Das war möglich aufgrund des neuen Materials, das sich aus bisher unveröffentlichten oder revidierten Inschriften ergab. Alle Lesungen, außer von Nr. 7, gründen sich auf der Autopsie der Steine, die zum ersten Mal 1988 und dann wieder 2002 und 2004 gemacht wurde. Davon werden hier zehn Inschriften veröffentlicht und kommentiert, drei zum ersten Mal (Nr. 4, 6, 8) und die anderen mit neuen Lesungsvorschlägen.
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Domino et fraturi
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In the Regional Museum of Srem in Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia, a Roman brick is preserved, containing an inscription (Inv. A/5342). Originating from any of the numerous Roman structures in the capital city of Sirmium - most probably from Site 4 (Villa) or Site 1a (Palace) - the brick exhibits a graffito in Latin which reads as follows: Domino et fraturi Maxime salutem Valerus Januarius Written before the brick was baked, this greeting obviously went from somebody present at the brick plant to another person engaged locally in the business of construction. To address the recipient of a message as dominus frater is a well-attested style in Roman military circles, especially between equals, from the early 2nd century on. Phonologically, the spelling fraturi (for fratri) is a remarkable instance of anaptyxis, vulgar, but only rarely occurring in the sources. The pendent vocative Maxime is probably due to the actual formula being a contamination of two known types, Maximo salutem and Maxime vale. Judging by their cognomenta, both men, Januarius and Maximus, may very well have been of indigenous origin, whereas the nomen Valerius may have been acquired through service in the imperial army or administration under the Tetrarchs.
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Dušan Krstić
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Vasić, Rastko P. - Dušan Krstić: Glamija, nekropola bronzanog doba u Korbovu. Narodni muzej Beograd, Arheološke monografije 15, Beograd 2003 - Starinar
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Early Byzantine finds from Čečan and Gornji Streoc (Kosovo)
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In this article, we presented the archaeological finds from Čečan and Gornji Streoc - hill-forts on Mount Čičevica in the immediate vicinity of Vučitrn (Kosovo). We studied the archaeological material from the Roman, Late Roman and, in particular from the Early Byzantine period. A large number of archaeological objects and especially iron tools found on the Čečan and Gornji Streoc fortresses indicate a well-developed level of production in the crafts and iron manufacturer. We emphasize the importance of these fortresses in Late Roman times and we highlight the fortification of the interior regions of Illyricum. This suggests that Dardania had a considerable population in the Late Roman period as is confirmed by the many fortresses constructed throughout the entire region, often on almost inaccessible terrain.
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Early Byzantine steelyard from Belgrade
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The initial aim of this paper was to present scholarly circles with a detailed report about the insufficiently known Early Byzantine steelyard beam (Figs. 2-5; Pl. I/1) treasured in Belgrade City Museum (further in the text BCM) together with a small counterweight (Fig. 6; Pl. I/2) which, judging by its dimensions and weight, does not belong to it. However, after inspecting the documentation of BCM and the National Museum in Belgrade (further in the text NMB), the supposition that the steelyard beam from BCM represents a part of the same hoard with the well known counterweight (Fig. 7) in the form of a bust of a Byzantine empress, and the unpublished chain system with hooks for hanging loads (Fig. 8; Pl. IV), which are kept in NMB, was confirmed. The detailed examination of the museum inventory records shed light on the set of circumstances which led to the separation of the parts of the Belgrade steelyard. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 177007: Romanizacija, urbanizacija i transformacija urbanih centara civilnog,vojnog i rezidencijalnog karaktera u rimskim provincijama na tlu Srbije]
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Early iron age burial complex from the Svrljig area
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In 2005, a group of objects was ploughed up, comprising a bronze openwork belt, bronze belt parts in the form of a four-spoked wheel, a bronze bell-shaped pendant, the arc of a bimetal fibula, fragment(s) of an iron sword, and part(s) of a horse's iron bit, at the Kalnica site in the village of Niševac. According to the finder, while ploughing a field, his plough dug up several larger slab-shaped stones, beneath which were found the above objects, as well as fragments of human bones. The most important finds from the Kalnica grave are three parts of a bronze openwork belt (fig. 3a-c) and three bronze belt parts in the form of a four-spoked wheel. According to the finder, the belt was composed of three more belt links, two or three parts in the form of a wheel, and a final segment with a larger round buckle. The links of the belt were cast, with dimensions of 4.2-4.3 cm (length), 2-2.1 cm (height) and 0.6-0.7 cm (width). All three links were made in the same mold, after which they were decorated with perforations, incisions, and points in an identical manner. The circular bronze parts of the belt in the shape of a four-spoked wheel (fig. 3d-f) were cast, with a diametar of 2-2.1 cm, and their height precisely matches the links of the belt. All three circular parts were made in the same mold and then decorated with perforations, incisions, and points. One more item from this group of finds that probably belongs to the belt collection, is a bronze bell-shaped pendant (fig. 4/a), with a height of 4 cm and a diameter of 1.7-1.8 cm. A larger arc of a bimetal fibula was discovered in the grave, with its foot in the shape of an hourglass. The arc is 5.5 cm in width, decorated with dense small ribs. Part of a damaged horse's iron bit 11 x 4.3 cm in dimension was also found in the grave (fig. 4/c). The last find in this collection comprises part of a bent single-bladed iron sword, 11.9 x 4.4 cm (fig. 4/d). In this kind of bent sword, a so-called T end is usually found at the end of the handle/hilt, so we suppose that this sword had such an end. Bearing in mind the chronological classification of all finds from this destroyed grave (fig. 5), the openwork belt from Kalnica could be dated to the end of the VII or the very beginning of the VI centuries BC at the earliest. Such dating in principle agrees with the Ha C2/D1 central-European period, i.e. horizontal 2 according to R. Vasić, since other finds of openwork belts were dated to this period by the same author. Nevertheless, the type II iron bit does raise a slight doubt regarding the dating of the Kalnica belt, since according to M. Werner such belts were dominant in the Ha D2/3 period, i.e. at the end of the first half of the Vth century BC. The find of the composite belt from Kalnica raises several interesting observations. Firstly, the belt differs from most examples previously discovered on the territory of south-eastern Europe in that most belt link sets were formed in the shape of a square, with less frequent deviation regarding link dimensions, while those of the belt from Kalnica are relatively elongated. Links similar to the Kalnica elongated links have only be discovered in north Macedonia and in grave 5 of tumulus I in the Kenete site in Albania. The difference in the decoration of the belt from Kalnica compared with other belts is interesting. They are decorated with pierced triangles and perforated concentric circles, with a central point, repeated in countless combinations. Half-elliptical perforations appear for the first time on the belt from Kalnica, to some extent inexpertly carried out. Openwork belts have been discovered throughout the territory between the Timok river in Serbia and the Isker in Bulgaria, although according to recently published finds from the Trojan region in Bulgaria, that area could be extended eastward to the Rosica river. Outside these territories, more significant groupings are visible in the Vardar valley in Macedonia, as well as in an early Iron Age necropolis in the Donja dolina in northern Bosnia. The production center of these belts is connected with the Zlot group (Zlot-Sofronijevo), or with the Triballi tribe, but it could be said that in the VII and VI centuries BC such belts were also worn among their neighbors.
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Early mediaeval hoard of iron objects from Rujkovac and similar finds from the central Balkans
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By the village of Rujkovac in southern Serbia, one of the numerous local hillforts is situated. Since it has not been systematically explored, our knowledge of its history leans on an insight into the chance finds. On this occasion, we have opted to depict eight iron objects, probably coming from a damaged hoard. Thanks to four Hungarian-type stirrups which have already been published, the hoard from Rujkovac was dated to the second half of the tenth and the first half of the eleventh century. Similar finds from outside the Central Balkans are well studied, but there have been misinterpretations of their occurrence in this territory. The findings of tools from the Rujkovac hoard may be widely dated. The pickaxe belongs to Henning's class L1 the mattock to the class K8, the scythe to the I5 class, and the plowshare to the A3 class of the same typology. Both typologically and territorially, the closest finds come from a hoard of iron objects found at Streževo by Bitola, Macedonia, but the presented estimations of its date have caused some confusion. It was Valery Jotov who rightly dated it to the second half of tenth and the first half of the eleventh century. Some other similar finds come from the Central Balkans, present-day Serbia and Macedonia, most of which were not sufficiently studied and were incorporated neither in Henning's 1987 corpus nor in Florin Curta's papers that followed (1997, 2011). It is hard to judge the date of some of the hoards. For instance, the Gamzigrad III hoard has been dated to the Late Antiquity, and the Jelica hoard perhaps to the early seventh century. We are open to the possibility that these hoards in fact come from the Early Middle Ages. The other hoards, found at Ada Ciganlija (Belgrade), Pontes, and in Macedonia are chiefly dated to the tenth and eleventh centuries. The Rujkovac and Streževo hoards are ascribed to the military, the Gamzigrad II to the local smithy, and the rest of the hoards may have belonged to individuals rather than to communities. The prevailing agricultural character of these hoards is closely related to population growth in Byzantium at that time. The hoards testify to the renewal of life and metallurgical activities in the tenth and eleventh centuries in the southern part of the Central Balkans. The increase in money hoards speaks in favour of some economic renewal too. Our earlier conclusion, though with some reservations, was that both the Rujkovac and Streževo finds came from a Byzantine context. We would suggest that the same could be stated for the rest of the hoards depicted in this paper.
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Early roman hoard from Mačvanska Mitrovica (?)
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In 2014, a group of silver objects was sold with the accompanying data “from Serbia, from the area of Mačvanska Mitrovica”, which, based on their composition, belonged to a hoard of the Early Roman period. The hoard of silver objects contains a total of 21 pieces that can be divided into 10 different types: emblemata, belt plates, tubuli, torques, wire jewellery - a bracelet and rings, necklaces of the chain type, rings, pendants of lunula, rhomboidal and omega shape, bracelet and rings with pendants in the form of miniature axes. The composition of the silver objects in the Mačvanska Mitrovica (?) hoard show surprising similarities with the rich hoards of silver jewellery of Bare, Tekija and the find from Radenković-Crkvine and also with the distant hoard from Oltenia in the site of Rovinari (once Poiana, county Gorj). Therefore, we have named this group the Tekija - Bare hoards horizon, after two well-known most representative hoard-contents and their position in the middle of this geographical region. The last denarii from the Tekija and Bare hoards where minted at the end of AD 81, which allows the conclusion that these hoards, found near the military camps of Transdierna and Viminacium, were probably deposited in the years after AD 81, during the restless period of Roman-Dacian conflicts. In the Mačvanska Mitrovica (?) hoard and the Radenković-Crkvine find the monetary part did not exist, so the time of their depositing remains open. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 177007: Romanisation, urbanisation and transformation of urban centres of civil, military and residential character in Roman provinces in the territory of Serbia]
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