Starinar
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Ein nachtrag zu den PBF-Bänden; Die den Zentralbalkan betreffen
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Der Autor betrachtet neue Bronzefunde, Sicheln, Fibeln, Nadeln und Halsringe aus dem Zentralbalkan, die seit der Publikation von vier PBF-Bänden zu diesen Themen bekannt geworden sind. Er stellt fest, dass sie grošteils mit den vorigen Zuordnungen nach Typen und Varianten korrespondieren, anders gesagt, dass die Reihe Prähistorische Bronzefunde (PBF) ein sehr nützliches Instrument für das Studium der Metallzeiten ist. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. OI 177020: Archäologie Serbiens: Kulturidentität, Integrationsfaktoren, technologische Prozesse und die Rolle des Mittelbalkans in der Entwicklung europäischer Vorgeschichte]
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Eneolithic mine Prljuša
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The Eneolithic copper mine at Mali Šturac was discovered in 1980 and subsequently investigated to a smaller extent from 1981 to 1987. In 2010 the investigations at Prljuša were reactivated with the aim of defining how much and how long the mine had been exploited during prehistory. Pilot geophysical studies were followed by more extensive explorations in 2011. They focused on a zone related to Shafts 4 and 6, discovered in 1987. The geophysical explorations have comprised the methods of selfpotential - SP, electrical scanning - ES and seismic profiling with one geophone - SGRP. The explorations covered a surface of 400 m² including five sections, each 50 m long, with 2 m intervals between them. These investigations identified underground channels in Shaft 4 and Shaft 6. Three meters below Shaft 4, a large underground gallery was found and in the continuation of the entrance of Shaft 6, a 10 m long horizontal channel was detected. Northwards from Shaft 4 and Shaft 6, at a distance of 6-8 m, at least six mining shafts were detected. However, they are not visible on the surface because their entrances are filled with loose material. The investigations carried out in 2011 proved that geophysical investigations are an efficient method for studying old mining works and, therefore, it has been decided to continue with this type of exploration. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 177020: Archaeology of Serbia: cultural identity, integration factors, technological processes and the role of the Central Balkans in the development of European prehistory i br. 177023: Cultural changes and population movements in the early prehistory of the Central Balkans]
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Excavations of Mediana in 2010 and 2011
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Throughout 2010 and 2011, a systematic nine month archaeological exploration was conducted on the north-eastern, northwestern and south-eastern parts of the villa with peristyle, as well as the area in front of the museum building (see note 8). The envisaged area of exploration was around 1,400 m². In total, 1,230 m² of this area was thoroughly examined (Fig. 1). The excavations were performed with the aim of defining the dimensions of the north-western and south-western parts of the villa, the appearance of the villa’s entrance, as well as to explore the foundations of the museum building. In the course of the excavations, certain differences were perceived in the stratigraphy of the villa with peristyle and the part excavated outside the villa.
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Exostoses of the external auditory canal
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The direct motive for this study was the find of exostoses of the external auditory canal on three skulls from ancient period (2nd-3rd century) which were excavated on site No. 80 in 1996 in Sremska Mitrovica (Sirmium). Among 37 buried individuals, only nine of them had temporal bones preserved. According to archaeological documentation they were probably part of the urban poor, slaves or freedmen manual laborers. In any case they belonged to the lowest social status of ancient Sirmium, which was confirmed by anthropological analysis. Auditory exostoses are bone masses located in the external auditory canal. Most researches agree that the environment (especially water temperature, but also water salinity, atmospheric temperature and wind action) plays a significant role in the development of this trait.
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Female power that protects
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The motif of Medusa had significant importance in Roman visual culture, reflecting the comprehension of ancient people about this frightful being. Visual material from the territory of the Central Balkans suggests a widely known understanding and belief of the protective as well as apotropaic functions of Medusa. The motif of Medusa i.e. the Gorgoneion, was one of the well known and most represented motifs in architecture, funerary art and artiminori and a widely appreciated decoration of jewellery, signifying the importance of Medusa’s protection for people, especially for women. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 47018: IRS - Viminacium, roman city and military legion camp - research of material and non-material culture of inhabitants by using the modern technologies of remote detection, geophysics, GIS, digitalization and 3D visualization]
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Ferdinandov-Vagalinski Lyudmil
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Golubović, Snežana - Ferdinandov-Vagalinski Lyudmil: Burnished pottery from the first century to the beginning of the seventh century ad from the region South of the Lower Danube (Bulgaria), Sofia, 144 strana teksta, 49 t - Starinar
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Findings of coins from Romuliana, unearthed in 2005 and 2006 outside the fortified palace
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U članku je obrađen novac pronađen u nekoliko celina prilikom iskopavanja izvan bedema palate u Romulijani. Novac iz grobnice iskopane 2005. godine onaj koji je bio čitljiv, pripada 3. veku, ali to ne znači i da je grobnica iz tog vremena, već je možda nešto kasnija. Novac iz sonde 1/06 pokazuje neprekinutu cirkulaciju posle 311. godine sve do početka 5. veka. Tek upoređivanje nalaza novca iz unutrašnjosti fortifikacije i ovoga izvan bedema palate daće pravu sliku opticaja novca i nastavka života na ovom lokalitetu posle Galerijeve smrti. Novac iz groba u sondi 2/06 je kompaktan. Najstariji je komad kat. br. 17 iz 340-350. godine. Ostalih šest primeraka mogu da se generalno datuju u period između 367. i 378. godine. U taj interval može da se stavi smrt pokojnika, te datum sahrane ne bi prelazio 378. godinu.
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Firuz Agha and his hammam in Smederevo
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This paper deals with the hammam in the Smederevo fortress, erected by Firuz Agha, the head of the Sultan’s treasury, between 1485 and 1490. Using Ottoman sources, the authors are able to determine the time of construction, the method of work and the role that this public bath played for Smederevo’s inhabitants. The hammam was very important for the functioning of the great Firuz’s waqf, which included numerous buildings in the Balkans and Anatolia. Based on data on the waqf’s revenue, it may be concluded that until the mid-16th century the hammam in the Smederevo fortress was one of the most profitable facilities of its kind in the Ottoman Empire. Over a quarter of a century, Firuz, as the court agha and later as the sanjak-bey, constructed another three hammams in Tokat, Sivas and Sarajevo, which help us discern patterns and changes in the manner of construction. Based on this knowledge and information about the appearance and manner of functioning of the numerous hammams built in the second half of the 15th and the first half of the 16th century, the authors present the presumed disposition of the rooms of the public bath in the Smederevo fortress. In the female section, the rooms can be determined with great certainty, while three possible types, based on the shape and dimensions, are offered for the hot part of the male section of the hammam. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 177030: From Universal Empires to National States. Social and Political Changes in Serbia and the Balkans and Grant no. 177029: Medieval Serbian Lands (13-15th Centuries): Political, Economic, Social and Legal Processes]
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Fortified settlement Veletin
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Remnants of the fortified settlement Veletin are located on a hill of the same name (map marking 969) near the small town Janjevo, in the vicinity of the Monastery Gračanica in Kosovo, in a region rich in metal ore (pic. 1-3). Veletin is mentioned for the first time as a landmark in King Milutin’s charter for the Monastery Gračanica issued in 1321. Namely, the boundary of villages donated to the monastery ran "from Oštri vrh on Veletjen between Sušica and between Gušterica". Villages of Sušica and Gušterica still exist under the same names. The mentioned Veletin refers to the hill with a fortified settlement or fortress at the top. In the past the hill and the fortress were for a long time a characteristic part of the historical landscape. Thanks to its favourable geostrategic position, vicinity of important roads and above all to the nearness of rich silver mines, the hill of Veletin was settled and fortified in pre-historic time, then in antiquity and in the middle ages. It is supposed that the Roman town Ulpiana (Justiniana Secunda), near the Monastery Gračanica, developed because of the vicinity of silver mines and that as a municipium became a center of administration of Janjevo - Novo Brdo metals in the II c. Mining reached its peak in this area only in the first half of the XV c., during the reign of Serbian despots. When this part of Serbia fell under Turkish rule in 1455, mining began to decline. In 1488, during the reign of Sultan Bajazet II, special regulations were made for the organization of work in Janjevo silver mines, which testify about their importance. It is hard to form an opinion about the appearance of Veletin at the time the Gračanica Charter was issued. Mining was growing at that time and it is possible that there was a fortress with a small crew to protect Janjevo and other nearby mining settlements. Veletin is explicitly mentioned as a fortress only in three cartographic sources of a later date. The first was the Atlas by V. M. Coronelli, published in 1689 in Venice (pic. 4). In the part of the map in the center of which is Kosovo Field (Campo Cassovo), Veletin is marked near Janjevo (Iagneuo) as a ruin: "Valetino rouin." (ato), as evidence of its earlier importance. The second mention of Veletin is made in the Map of the central course of the Danube etc., by Johann Baptist Homan, prepared in Nuremberg between 1707 and 1724. Veletin appears for the third time in the New map of Dalmatia, Croatia etc., published by Mathias Seuter in Augsburg before 1758. From the time Veletin was destroyed it was never renovated as far as we know and time took its toll. The walls of the fortress and other buildings were used by local inhabitants as a source of building materials until they completely disappeared, what apparently happened in the 70’s of the XX c. Remains of the walls whose shape can be discerned under the soil show that the foundation of the fortress was adjusted to the configuration of the ground. That is to say, the hill of Veletin ends in sheer rock on northern and north-eastern sides and is completely inaccessible (pic. 5) while on other sides there are moderately steep terraced slopes (pic. 6-9) on which rampart walls were built following topographic relief (plans 10 and 11). Two plans of the fortress Veletin were published until now (pic. 10 11). The third plan, the most accurate, was not published. It shows that the fortress had the form of an irregular polygon, and that it was defended by three perimeters of walls forming the Upper, the Middle, and the Lower town (pic. 12). In the south-eastern part of the Lower town are remnants of a rectangular and of a round building. Archeological probes on Veletin were performed by Edi Shukriu in 1987 and 1988. Archeological material shows that the oldest settlement was formed in Neolithic period, belonging to the Bubanj-Hum culture. The younger settlement is from the Iron Age and is connected to the Suva Reka group. Finds of fragments of Attica ceramics of black-figure style points to connections with Greece in the VI c. (pic. 13/1,2), while curved fibula with charniere shows that the inhabitants of Veletin in V-IV c. possessed jewelry of high quality and aesthetically embellished (pic. 13/3,4). There are yet no material remains from the Hellenistic period. Rampart walls were built in the late classical period and numerous finds of tiles and ceramics could be dated to the same period (pic. 13/5-7). Also were found fragments of medieval ceramic vessels (pic. 13/8), two iron arrows (pic. 13/9,10), and an earring of bjelobrdo type dating from X-XII c. (pic. 13/11 and pic. 14). Destruction of remains of Veletin is continuing to this day. In more recent times part of the eastern rampart (?) wall (pic. 15) was damaged, while in the vicinity part of a threshold of the town gate or of some other larger building was discovered (pic. 16).
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Gedl Marek
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Jovanović, Borislav - Gedl Marek: Die beile in polen IV, Prähistorische Bronzefunde (PBF) IX, Band 24. (A. Jockenhövel, W. Kubach Herausgebs), Stuttgart, 115 strana teksta, 19 strana bibliografija, registar, 51 tabla, geog - Starinar
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Geophysical and archaeological research at Gamzigrad
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Prva faza srpsko-nemačkih istraživanja na Romulijani sastojala se od četiri kampanje geofizičkih ispitivanja i arheoloških iskopavanja od 2004 do 2007. god. Tokom ovih istraživanja rekognosciran je prostor od oko 20 ha severno zapadno i južno od utvrđene palate. Geomagnetskim merenjima konstatovano je više građevina i objekata, od kojih su neke dalje ispitane metodom geoelektričnog rezistiviteta. Pet objekata je sondažno istraženo radi bližeg određenja. 1. Sa spoljne strane jugozapadne ugaone kule utvrđenja konstatovana je linearna anomalija, koja se pruža duž južnog bedema palate. U tri sonde otkriven je rov, dubine 1, 7-1, 8 m, koji je bio direktno povezan sa bedemom palate. 2. 55 m jugoistočno od jugozapadne ugaone kule utvrđenja palate istražen je objekat kvadratne osnove, dimenzija 4 × 4 m. Utvrđeno je da su otkriveni ostaci grobnice, koja je sadržala ostatke kremiranog pokojnika, vojnog zapovednika visokog ranga sa ritualno oštećenom vojnom opremom, zlatnom krstobraznom fibulom i nekoliko bronzanih novčića. 3. Oko 20 m jugoistočno od istražene grobnice prospekcijom su konstatovane konture male građevine od nekoliko prostorija, iste orijentacije kao gore navedeni objekat. Ovo je ukazivalo na funkcionalnu povezanost ove dve građevine. Iskopavanjima ove građevine otkriveno je nekoliko grobova. S obzirom na stratigrafiju, neki od njih su očigledno stariji, dok su drugi mlađi od istraženog objekta. Ispitivanja na prostoru van jugozapadnog ugla utvrđenja ukazuju na postojanje nekropole koja je povezana sa utvrđenim kompleksom. Dalje, stratigrafski podaci dobijeni sondažnim iskopavanjima ukazuju na najmanje tri faze sahranjivanja. Druga faza je predstavljena grobnicom vojnog velikodostojnika. Čini se da je objekat jugoistočno od grobnice direktno povezan i istovremen sa njom. Povezivanje pomenutih faza nekropole sa hronološkim razvojem palate biće moguće posle naučne obrade i evaluacije grobnih priloga i novca iz grobova. 4. Do sada, sondažno su istražene samo dve od anomalija, snimljenih geofizičkom prospekcijom, koje ukazuju na gusto naseljavanje severno od utvrđene palate. To je kružna građevina, neuobičajene forme i dimenzija i dugačka, linearna konstrukcija, koja je ispraćena u dužini od preko 200 m. Druga konstrukcija bi mogla biti rimski akvedukt ili kanal, dok je prva identifikovana sondažnim istraživanjima kao podijum - baza kružne osnove okružena stubovima ili zidanim stupcima. Kao takva, ona bi mogla predstavljati ostatke carskog spomenika posvećenog nekoj od rimskih vojnih pobeda.
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