Istorijski časopis
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Историјски часопис, званично гласило Историјског института, излази од 1948. године. Објављује оригиналне научне радове на српском и другим језицима. Примењује систем „слепих“ рецензија два рецензента. Тематски оквир часописа обухвата економску, друштвену, политичку и културну историју српског народа, као и његове везе са јужнословенским и осталим балканским народима, и истовремено унапређује све гране историјске науке. Хронолошки оквир је омеђен на период од средњег века до почетка 20. века, односно до 1918. године и стварања Краљевине СХС.
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ISSN: 0350-0802
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- Прилог о додељивању которског грађанства у срењем веку
- Based upon the meager material in the Historical Archives of Kotor and the decisions of the Kotor Statutes, the granting of the Kotor citizenship in the Middle Ages has been presented. Only one of the archive data has been preserved, providing evidence on the complete legal procedure for obtaining the Kotor citizenship in the first half of the 15th century, only two months after the recognition of the authority of Venice in Kotor. The Kotor Statutes stipulate only the procedure for the acceptance into the Kotor nobility and the election for the Great Council. This had been probably the consequence of insufficient development of the institutions, differing from the neighboring town of Dubrovnik, where existed the legal procedure for the acquisition of citizenship, which had been frequently granted. The paper emphasizes the features of the Kotor inhabitants in the Middle Ages, as well as the similarities and differences with the immediate neighbors – Dubrovnik and Budva, and the other towns in northern Dalmatia. The title of Sir has been explained too; it is of aristocratic origin, but had been awarded to some important citizens of Kotor, particularly those holding some significant post.
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- Прилог познавању града Брвеника из перспективе археолошких истраживања
- The medieval town of Brvenik represented the center of the homonymous medieval district and was situated at an elevated rocky location, at the confluence of Brvenica river into Ibar. The archaeological excavations have revealed different phases of the town’s existence. On the site of the previous prehistoric gradina-type settlement, an earthen, palisade fortification was built, corresponding to the etymology of its place-name. The scarce material traces attest the earliest phase, approximately dated to the period encompassing the XIth and the XIIth centuries. The findings of coins as well as of scarce ceramic cooking utensils and pottery used for construction purposes confirm the existence of the Late Antiquity phase at the foothill of this locality. Nevertheless, this hypothesis could be relevant for the suburban area uniquely, whereas the ramparts, structures and other findings discovered at the site of the fortification could not be dated to the aforementioned period. The major part of the movable archaeological findings have been dated to the Late Middle Ages. The town fell under the Ottoman rule in 1455, as did the entire district. The remains of the structures that got damaged during the construction of the main road Raška – Kraljevo confirm that life in the suburban area continued throughout the Ottoman period likewise. The information included into Ottoman censuses, as well as some scarce findings unearthed in the lower parts of the town and outside the ramparts confirm this fact as well. By that time, the town had already suffered destruction, since the decay of the site could be ascribed not only to the poor quality of the stone used in construction purposes and the existence of a quarry in that area, but also to the plannified demolition of the fortification. The seat of a qadi has undoubtedly been situated in the suburban area, since traces of Ottoman presence inside the fortified site have not been confirmed by archaeological findings. The researched locality could offer substantial contribution for the study of medieval pottery, due to the fact that the year of the fall of this district represents terminus post quem non for the dating of the movable archaeological findings.
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- Прилог познавању најстарије археометалургије српске средњовековне државе
- In Serbian medieval archaeology the archaeometallurgy is entirely new field of investigation without tradition in our science. In the process of reconstruction of the old mines with traces of medieval mining the technical surveys have been undertaken very rarely and there were almost no archaeological investigations of these sites. Thus, the unique opportunity to reconstruct, at least partially, some of the mines in medieval Serbia has been missed. The remains of the mining installations, tools, equipment etc. have been collected only sporadically thanks to the enthusiasts in the profession. Very rich deposits in Serbia, known already from antique period and abandoned for some time, became suddenly interesting in the first half of the 13 th century. The decisive reason for this turn in mining and entire economic development of the medieval Serbian state is the arrival of the Saxon miners and smelters, certainly before 1254 when they are first mentioned in connection with the Brskovo mine. They brought new mining technology, introduced the work organization and qualified workforce to work in mines and smelteries and they also introduced their mining laws. I would like to point out the archaeological data which may, perhaps, complete picture concerning the beginning of the ores exploitation in Brskovo. In the course of systematic archaeological investigation 25 scyphates of king Radoslav have been found in the latest archaeological layers at the site RasPazarište near Novi Pazar. On the 17 specimens found at the same spot only the obverse had been struck and that was obviously the minting trail. From the same layer, also, some 20 small metal plates ready for striking coins and two copper ingots were found. The spectrometric analysis of the metal revealed that all these coin pieces and plates were made of an identical alloy consisting of copper with small admixtures of silver, lead and zinc. On the basis of such alloy composition it has been established with certainty that metal of which the first Serbian coins had been minted comes from Brskovo mining zone. And finally to conclude: it is possible to obtain more information about Brskovo only by future multidisciplinary investigations of the entire complex. It is the only way to trace data on the earliest medieval fortifications, miners’ settlements and necropolis, ore exploitation and processing, as well as the earliest material evidence for the craftsmanship, commerce and business relations of Serbia with the mining contractors from coastal towns.
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- Прилог трговини црвцем (chermesium) у средњовековном Дубровнику
- Studying credit trade of Medieval Dubrovnik based on Dubrovnik archival sources (Drbita notariae in Diversa notariae), the author encountered some new and interesting data on crvac (chermesium), an agent for coloring fabric. Based on this new data, he confirmed the thesis that crvac is a material of organic origin, and that it was acquired through a special technique of collecting and drying lice in Serbia and Bosnia. The paper includes data on determining of prices and their variation. The most information was encountered in sources after the 1540s. Several debtors were processed, particularly from Trgovište and Goražde, as well as some lenders. From several specific examples, it was demonstrated how a trade in crvac went in Dubrovnik, and which transactions took place. It is assumed that lenders gave raw textiles as credit, and accepted crvac as payment. The image of the credit trade is augmented with trade contracts and contracts on trade societies (collegantiae, societas). Crvac was also shipped to Italy, primarily to Florence and Venice.
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- Приповести о Српско-Турским Окршајима и «Страх Од Турака» 1386. Године
- The «fear of the Turks» as a phenomenon of the Middle Ages, first recorded in Serbian sources after the Battle at the Marica, continued to dominate the life of the Balkan Christian population during the fourteenth century, and even in the fifteenth century. No section of society and no endangered region in the Balkans remained unaffected by a strong feeling of insecurity, anxiety and apprehensiveness. When the akinjis, is Ottoman raiders began to threaten the territory of Prince Lazar and the northern Serbian regions, the «fear of the Turks» became part of everyday life. The events of the great conquests of Sultan Murad I in 1386 left a deep impression on the contemporaries. The outcome of the encounter of the Serbian and Ottoman armies at Pločnik is not quite clear because the evidence in the available sources is conflicting and leaves scope for various interpretations. The Serbian sources are chronologically near to the event, but they are contradictory and provide meagre information, while the picturesque Ottoman accounts are considerably later, written by court historians of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and present a tendentious picture. The outcome of the battle at Pločnik was overshadowed by Sultan Murad's success in capturing the town of Niš, an important strategic stronghold of Prince Lazar, which lay on the main Balkan road, the Via Militaris. The details of the siege and of the fall of Niš must be sought in the unreliable Ottomans sources, which may contain at least some part of the authentic historical basis. The fall of Niš had repercussions even in Bosnia, and evidence of the measures taken for the strengthening of the defence of the Serbian towns has been preserved in the treaties which Prince Lazar and Vuk Branković concluded with the Ragusans in 1387. Prince Lazar's orders for the purchase of additional firearms and other weapons after the capture of Niš were a direct consequence of the loss of that town. Besides, they are a part of the complex picture of an age in which the deeply disturbing «fear of the Turks» reigned in the old Serbian lands. From the strategic point of view, the fall of the fortress of Niš represented an irreparable loss for the Serbian lands and an event which foreshadowed the drama of Kosovo.
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- Проблем убикације средњовековног Рудника
- Medieval town of Rudnik represented the center of the one of the most important mining regions of Serbia, marked by the continuous mining exploitation ranging from Prehistoric Times to the present. In spite of the fact that this settlement was one of the most important mining towns in Medieval Serbia, its exact location has not been determined yet. Considerable changes that occurred in the settlement network at the beginning of the XIXth century have by all means contributed to this, as well as the abundant material vestiges witnessing to the developed mining activities on the wide mining district. Researches conducted by this day have pointed out to three possible localities where Medieval Rudnik is to be searched. Judging on the concentration of the remains of the sacral objects and of the necropolises on the relatively small area of Rudničište, the fact that the majority of the authors brought this territory into connection with the very heart of the medieval settlement is made clearly comprehensible. Contrary to Rudničište, where the significant number of medieval remains disappeared under the construction works of the new settlement, in the territory of Majdan village, the remains attesting the former mining industry, altogether with the remains of several churches, necropolises and fortifications can be seen even today. The material remains, as well as the first Turkish registers, point out to Gradovi as the potential locality of Medieval Rudnik, where once a Turkish settlement existed. A relatively large number of Serbian houses was being noted in the registers until the middle of the XVIth century and the beginning of the decline of this mining site, which confirms the hypothesis that Turkish Rudnik and Medieval Rudnik occupied, in all likelihood, one and the same location.
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- Производња бакра у Мајданпеку шездесетих и седамдесетих година 16. века
- Very little is known about the copper production in the Central Balkan mines during the Middle Ages and the Ottoman Empire. Until the second half of XVI century and the opening of the Majdanpek mine, copper production was sporadic, and took place in lead or zinc mines, with silver as the main product. The most important sources about the copper production in Majdanpek are annual accounts of the mine, where quantities of ore and pure copper were noted, as well as their prices, datas about mine leasers and mine administration, tax revenues etc. Such sources are quite rare and partial, so it is quite an exceptional situation that we have a series of ten connected accounts, between 1564 and 1574. This time period is very important for Majdanpek, as it covers the early period of mine's operation, first rents, and opening of new mines. The copper content in the ore was very high in the mine of Majdanpek, in 1565/66 even 38.3 per cent, which could be explained only by frequent findings of autochthonous copper. Inspite of that the production was stagnant, on the average 50 to 60 tons per year. That is why leasers had great difficulties to pay the rent, so the state took over the administration of the mine. The Porte's measures, following by the lease of the Jewish company, influenced opening of the new mine in Majdanpek, in Spring 1572. After that, in less than three years, total amount of ore produced increased several times. It reached the level of 500 tons per year. Copper production continued to increase after the period covered by graphs, which could be confirmed also by the constant increase in lease prices. In 1578. lease of Majdanpek amounted to 1.300.000 akçes which is three times more than in 1574. Based on the accounting data, one could conclude that the copper price was not fixed, but depended on the mine production, cost of exploitation, and market demand. It was notable that the price of copper fell sharply after the opening of the new mine, which, apart from the larger production, could have been helped by the cheaper exploitation. The data mentioned in this paper relate to copper produced in forges under state administration and mine's managers. That copper could be recognized by the brand. It was the sign that it was legally produced, and that the owner fulfilled all the obligations towards the state. Unbranded copper was confiscated, and people who had it were severely punished. Even with bans, there was an illegal copper production in Majdanpek, including numerous local cauldron makers. They bought unbranded copper at much lower prices, and making cauldrons and other things, thus destroying evidence about itsorigin. This was so widespread, that in 1576. the Belgrade superintendent of imperial revenue even demanded that the Porte officially ban the cauldron makers' craft in Majdanpek.
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- Промене на српском престолу 1370–1371. године. Покушај реинтерпретације
- In the historic memory of the Serbian people the last member of the Nemanjić dynasty, emperor Stephen Uroš was remembered as “Uroš the Weak“, an unable ruler who permitted his lords to take over the strong Empire that was left to him by his father “Dušan the Mighty“. In the Serbian epic poetry the strongest of them, king Vukašin Mrnjavčević was even credited with killing the young emperor. It was only at the end of the 19th century that Konstantin Jireček finally proved that that was not true and that the emperor outlived the king. Since then Serbian historiography has gradually come to an account according to which the emperor crowned Vukašin king and made him his co¬ruler in 1365 and then ruled along with him, although with some discrepancies, up until the death of the latter at the Battle of Marica on 26 September 1371, and then with his son and successor king Marko until his own death in early December 1371, while after that Marko continued reigning as the sole Serbian ruler. However, according to the earliest of the Serbian chronicles, the first of which was composed shortly after the events of 1371, and the second one barely twenty years later, king Vukašin overthrew the emperor and “posed on himself the crown of the Serbian kingdom“. However, the emperor – “even though he suffered from the deprivation of the imperial dignity of his Fatherland, nevertheless passed to God with glory amidst his country in his imperial dignity“, which meant that he succeeded in retaking his position of the reigning monarch of Serbia. The fact is that between 5 February 1370 and 16 October 1371 there is no mention in the sources of Emperor Stephen Uroš as the Serbian monarch. During that period, only king Vukašin is mentioned in the sources in that capacity, beginning with his charter to the Ragusans of 5 April 1370, which he issued presenting himself as the current heir to the previous Serbian rulers that benefitted the Ragusans, up until his death at the Battle of Marica on 26 September 1371. Only after the battle and the death of the king did emperor Uroš reappear in the sources, being mentioned in two Ragusan documents from 16 October and 3 November 1371. However, his second reign was of no long duration, since he died already on 4 December 1371. Vukašin’s son Marko, although he may have been crowned king after his father’s death, was not accepted by the emperor as his co-¬ruler, so after the emperor’s death the Serbian state was left without a ruler. The rule was assumed by the regional lords who ruled independently each in his own region. It was only in 1377 that Bosnian ban Stefan Tvrtko, a descendant of the Serbian royal house through a female line, was crowned “king of the Serbs and Bosnia and the Littoral and the Western parts“ and restored the Serbian kingdom, even though in name only.
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- Прописи митрополита Мојсија Петровића за свештенике и парохијане
- Mojsije Petrović, Archbishop and Metropolitan of Belgrade (1713-1726), and subsequently of Belgrade and Karlovac (1726-1730), devoted much attention during his very active life to improving religious and social life of the Orthodox parochial priests and believers of the Serbian church under the Habsburg Monarchy. On 2 December 1724 Metropolitan Mojsije issued a Decree comprising 57 items with which he began bringing order to the clergy and people. His intention was to eliminate the flaws that he perceived as a consequence of the Turkish or non-Christian rule and the past wars. As the clergy, due to their modest material circumstances and lifestyle did not differ much from the parishioners, the Metropolitan intended to primarily regulate their appearance and conduct in order to make them distinct and recognisable. The Decree determined the duties of parish priests regarding the building and furnishing of churches and improvement of knowledge. The People’s and Church Convention held at Karlovci in 1726 discussed the Decree, and although it was not adopted as a whole, some decisions were passed based on this Decree. Metropolitan Mojsije continued his activity by issuing Rules for Priests containing 9 items that were published on 16 June 1728 in the form of circular notice for all eparchies of the Metropolis of Belgrade and Karlovac. This document listed all improper and non-Christian customs that had taken root among the people, and that the Metropolitan wanted to eradicate. The Rules instructed the priests how to eliminate the flaws of their own and of the parishioners in accordance with the rules and laws of the Orthodox Church. The customs concerned were primarily those related to wedding ceremony and feast, memorial service, behaviour of parishioners in church, in the street and during holy days, relation with fellows, the poor and the wretched. The Metropolitan also issued rules to regulate the income of the clergy, relations within parishes, and introduced mandatory keeping of the register of births, marriages and deaths. He devoted much attention to the education of priests so that they could educate parishioners and especially children. The work of Archbishop and Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovac Mojsije Petrović was acknowledged at the People’s and Church Convention held in Belgrade in 1730. A special session was dedicated to the issues of church reform and a debate on the questions of discipline. On that occasion, some provisions of the 1724 Decree were enacted and the 1728 Rules for Priests were adopted and supplemented with the provision on the christening of children. Also, many other decisions were adopted consistent with the efforts of Metropolitan Mojsije Petrović to bring order to the clergy and people. Metropolitan Mojsije Petrović died a few months after the Assembly in 1730 and did not see further development of the reforms. The result of his efforts were new churches in some eparchies, and the overall number of churches in his time increased by one third compared to the previous period. Yet, undoubtedly the most significant result of his work was that he encouraged his successors to follow in his footsteps, the most remarkable among them being Metropolitans Vićentije Jovanović (1731-1737) and Pavle Nenadović (1749-68).
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- Проповеднички редови у касносредњовековном Kотору
- The Franciscan and the Dominican monks were coming to Kotor from Dubrovnik during the sixties of the 13th century. In the late Middle Ages the orders of preachers had taken over from the Benedictines the decisive role in nearly all aspects of the religious life in the town. The Franciscans were building outside the city walls the large monastery devoted to St. Francis, while the Dominicans upon their arrival obtain first the patron’s St. Paul’s church, the endowment of Pavle Bari, to build later in the 14th century with the grant of Nikola Buća St. Nicola’s monastery out of town on the banks of the Škurda River. Monasteries run by the orders of preachers were built in strategically significant locations, outside the city walls, but very near its ramparts. It seems that the Franciscans played a particularly significant role in Kotor in the late Middle Ages, judging by the number of their churches, as well as by their active role in the formation of the religious practice in the town. By the middle of the 15th century the Franciscans observants moved from the St. Francis monastery, leaving it to the conventuals, and started to found their own monasteries based upon the learning of St. Bernardin of Sienna, who preached against the sins in Italian urban settlements. His preaching could concern the everyday life in Kotor too. A particularly significant role of the Franciscans in Kotor had been played in the process of unification of the eastern and western church, as they had been the special emissaries of the Pope. Special attention has been devoted to the influence of the Dominicans, and particularly the Franciscans, on the contents of the last will and testaments of the citizens of Kotor in the late Middle Ages is analyzed.
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- Путопис Харун Ибн Јахје
- The Travelogue of Haroon ibn Yahya, preserved through the 10th century Arab geographers Ibn Rostech and Ibn-al Qas, represents a unique description of Constantinople. Ibn Rostech's account is a more detailed one. The Travelogue begins in Asqalan, from where Byzantines transported the captured Haroon by boat to Antalya, the city in Pamphilia. Then he reached Constantinople through the cities oh Nikia and Sunkur. While he was a prisoner in the Byzantine capital, he described the royal palace and the most important churches, as well as the Christmas ceremony. After leaving Constantinople, Haroon traveled through Thessalonica, then through Slav lands, and then along the Adriatic coast, to Split and Venice. The Travelogue ends with the description of Rome, and he also mentions Burgundy, Frank lands, and Britain. Another, less known version of text, from the British Library, was written by Ibn/al Qas, and presented by Ј. C. Ducène. According to Vassiliev and Marckhart, Haroon ibn Yahya traveled during the reign of the Emperor Vassily I (867-886), or during Leo VI (886-912). Ostrogorski thought that he traveled during the reign of Alexander (912-13). However, when dating is concerned, it is important to note that Ibn Rostech copied Haroon's manuscript by 930s at the latest. Beside that, dating is facilitated by the fact of accepting of Christianity during the King Bassus, or Bulgarian King Boris. Haroon mentioned that Bulgarians were fighting Byzantines, and Byzantines them. When Boris's younger son Simeon (893- 927) ascended to the throne, the conflict between Byzantium and Bulgaria erupted (894-896). Leo VI was defeated, so the peace was concluded in 896. When seven-years old Constantine ascended to the throne, the conflict erupted again, in 913-914. The mention of the war between Bulgarians and Byzantines leads us to date the Travelogue in either 894-896, or 913-914. As Byzantium was at war against Arabians in 894-895, the dating in 894-895 seems certain, as Byzantium was then at war against both Bulgarians and Arabians — which was not the case in 913-914.
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- РЕКВИЗИЦИЈЕ И КОНТРОЛА АГРАРА У СРЕМУ ТОКОМ ПРВОГ СВЕТСКОГ РАТА
- When Austria-Hungary attacked Kingdom of Serbia in 1914, it initiated a war which soon grew into a conflict on a world scale. However, AustriaHungary was not ready for the war at the moment. Among the states of the Triple Alliance, it was the weakest one, and the success on the battlefield could have been expected only if the war had been short. Since this did not occur, after a few months of warfare and defeat on all fronts, Vienna understood that economy had to be adapted to new circumstances. Thus, as early as 1914, they started setting maximum prices for food articles above all, which was not enough, and the following years brought requisitions as well. As a region with a large Serbian population that had suffered greatly in 1914 and 1915, Syrmia felt all the horrors of the war. Serbs were depopulated, their property was a target of many pillages, and then ensued numerous requisitions, bans and legal acts in connection with the maximum prices. All of this was a fertile soil for the creation of the Green cadres, which were unusually strong in Syrmia, so that they had almost taken over the authority before the war was over.