Istorijski časopis
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Историјски часопис, званично гласило Историјског института, излази од 1948. године. Објављује оригиналне научне радове на српском и другим језицима. Примењује систем „слепих“ рецензија два рецензента. Тематски оквир часописа обухвата економску, друштвену, политичку и културну историју српског народа, као и његове везе са јужнословенским и осталим балканским народима, и истовремено унапређује све гране историјске науке. Хронолошки оквир је омеђен на период од средњег века до почетка 20. века, односно до 1918. године и стварања Краљевине СХС.
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ISSN: 0350-0802
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- Радојевићи-Мирковићи. Властеоска средњовековна босанска породица
- On the basis of published sources and literature, in this paper author has shown the role and importance of the aristocratic family Radojević-Mirković from Bosna, i.e. of some of its members in time and place where they lived and acted. The activities of Radojević-Mirković family could be followed through the historical documents for some 7 decades. They came from small vilage near castle Dubrovnik in central Bosnia. We do not have enough information to determine precisely its origin. The most famous members of this family were Mirko Radojević (1282–1404/05) and Batić Mirković (1405–1420).
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- Развој живинарства у Краљевини Србији
- Poultry farming was widespread in all parts of the Kingdom of Serbia. Sudden development of this branch of agriculture began in the late 19th and early 20th century when the demand for eggs and poultry meat increased in domestic and foreign markets. In that period, the Ministry of National Economy introduced new breeds of all sorts of poultry into state agricultural institutes and schools, with the aim to expand their farming. Breeding poultry was imported mainly from Germany. The imported chickens included the breeds of Brahma, Transylvanian, Langshan, Mechelen, Minorca, Orpington, Plymouth Rock, Italian, Houdan, Guinea fowl; geese: Pomeranian, Italian and Emden; and ducks: domestic, Pekin and Rouen. Of foreign breeds, Plymouth Rock and Orpington proved to be the best for our climate, rural method off arming and domestic needs. The first results of these efforts were evident at national exhibitions of poultry under the auspices of the Serbian Agricultural Society, held as of 1905. Prominent in this field were also private entrepreneurs such as Petar Trivunac, the owner of the poultry park „Jelenac” in Aleksinac, as well as female entrepreneurs such as Katinka V. Jovanović, the owner of the poultry farm „Dedinje”. In addition to the Serbian Agricultural Society, the cooperative movement in the Kingdom of Serbia also worked on improving poultry farming. At its XII congress, a decision was made to establish the Poultry Cooperative. What also greatly contributed to the promotion of poultry farming in Serbia were several slaughterhouses, opened in the late 19th and early 20th century. By purchasing poultry and eggs for foreign markets, they stimulated the development of poultry farming, particularly in Pomoravlje, near the railway, where the largest facilities were located. Velika Plana, with its two slaughterhouses – of K. Šeus and V. Šumaher, was one of the centres of the oldest food industry in Serbia. Klefiš’s slaughtering enterprise from Jagodina, founded in 1901, also exported poultry and eggs. These slaughterhouses, as well as the entire Serbian economy, faced great challenges at the time of the Customs War, when entire exports shifted from Austria-Hungary to the markets of France, Italy, as well as Germany, Switzerland and Spain. In the early 20th century, several areas boasted somewhat more progressive poultry farming practices. Belgrade with its environs featured most prominently, with Aleksinac following suit. Other poultry farming centres were Kragujevac, Šabac and Pirot. In terms of the absolute number of all sorts of poultry, the Požarevac district was in the forefront – in 1910, total 767,723 heads of different types of poultry were recorded. It was followed by Kragujevac, Morava and Podrinje districts.
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- Развој институције имунитета у српској средњовековној држави до краја владавине краља Милутина
- The Serbian medieval rulers granted to church institutions and the nobility a different kind of immunities, which allowed them to increase their revenue. The main sources for the study of immunity are the charters of Serbian rulers. Most of these are related to the most prominent Serbian monasteries. It may be noted that the earliest surviving acts mentioned the granting of judicial immunity, which was not complete. However, Nemanjić monarchs conceded to the monasteries judicial fees in the litigations conducted before the Royal Court. The groundbreaking period in the development of immunity was the reign of King Milutin (1282–1321). In his charters he freed monasteries’ possessions from “all kinds of labor, small and great”. In that manner, he granted these properties complete tax exemption. Also, he forbade his officials and noblemen to jeopardise the financial and judicial immunity of monasteries. It seems that the king still kept the right to judge in certain cases such as a murder, infidelity, rape of girls and takeover of men and horses. At that time, the Byzantine holders also received broad immunity rights. Such practice certainly influenced Serbian King Milutin, who conquered a large part of the Byzantine territory in Macedonia. Further development of immunity rights in medieval Serbia took place during the reign of King and Emperor Stefan Dušan (1331–1355).
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- Развојни циклус породичног домаћинства средином 19. века. Пример села Гостиља
- The paper analyses the developmental cycle of a family household in a chronological perspective, on the example of the Zlatibor village of Gostilje. The analysis draws on population censuses of 1849, 1857 and 1863. We identified the majority of families registered in 1849 in the following two censuses and compared their structures. Of 60 family households that we analysed in the time span of 1849–1857–1863, only 16 had the same structure in all three years. The majority of them – 13, were nuclear, one was the stem family, while two were complex (in the meantime, one nuclear household emerged from each of the two complex households). Within the same timespan, the majority of complex families divided into several families or lost their complex character with the death of some of their members. On the other hand, of 16 complex families from the last analysed census of 1863, the majority of them – nine, sprang from families that had been nuclear in 1849. In the observed 14-year period, a vast majority of family households in Gostilje were changing their structure – they split and became more complex, only to split again. The frequency of these changes was under a strong impact of demographic circumstances – early marriages and high fertility rates and (somewhat lower) mortality rates; an accelerated life cycle of an individual sped up the developmental cycle of a family household. Material factors were also behind the decisions to split households. As we have seen, in the mid-19th century, there was still sufficient free land, and the quantity of capital needed to establish a new household was minimum. As a family household did not represent only a biological community, but also an economic whole, the question remains as to what extent the structure of a household was determined by its economic logic – the self-sufficient method of earning limited to ensuring economic minimum. Frequent changes in the structure and their cyclical character support Bogišić’s thesis that there were no essential differences between nuclear and complex households, but that both types of households performed their economic functions in the same way.
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- Рановизантијско утврђење Градина-Лисина на западном Копаонику
- The Gradina-Lisina site is located on the west side of the Kopaonik mountain, in the municipality of Raška, from where there is a spectacular view toward the west, and Kozija glava, Tiodže and part of the Radošića village could be controlled. The view also extends to the important communication line toward what is today Kosovo, as well as the site Gradina in Donja Rudnica, around 4.5 km away. The fortress is in the shape of an irregular triangle, with the approximate orientation NE-SW. It is narrowest around the entrance, and widest on the west side, where the terrain is inaccessible due to a steep ravine. There were no remnants of towers, but the impression is that there might have been one near the entrance. Trench-like smaller depression before the entrance points to the existence of a dry trench by the entrance. Bulwarks, preserved only in several rows of stones, were founded on live rock and built of crushed stone in irregular layers. Whitish limestone mortar was used as sorder. Archaeological research was done with just three stratigraphic probes. Early Byzantine pottery from the 6th and early 7th centuries AD is accompanied with rare metal finds: a ring, half of the horseshoe for cattle, and several pieces of slag. The only coin found is a piece coined in Viminacium during the 3rd century AD. The metal slag points that mining was an important part of the economic activity of the inhabitants of this fortification. Besides the preserved toponymy, this is also confirmed by the Turkish defters related to the Brvenik nahija, dated 1519, 1533, and 1548. This Early Byzantine fort confirms general characteristics of contemporary fortifications. It has a free basis, adjusted to the terrain configuration, and with access from one side only. It is simply built, with the material available at the site, and with simple constructing solutions, devoid of any unnecessary aesthetic details. When Kopaonik becomes an important mining region, it probably influenced the development of a network of local roads, in order to exploit and transport the ore. A number of Early Byzantine forts points to the importance of the communication link through the valley of the Ibar river. From this link, at the extension of the leg from Novi Pazar, there was a road through what is today a village of Šipačino, to Suvo Rudište, then crossing the ridge of Kopaonik, and descending to the village of Đerekare, and then going through Kuršumlija and Prokuplje to Niš, where it hit the “Constantinople Road.” The fact that today’s direction originates from the Early Byzantine period , if not earlier, is confirmed by the Gradina in Lisina, as well as the fortification in Đerekare, where the mentioned communication link went.
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- Ранохришћанске крстионице јустинијанске епохе (527-565)
- Despite the fact that the early Christian baptisteries of the Justinian epoch are typologically very diverse, they exhibit a number of common aesthetic and structural characteristics. Sometimes they are architectural masterpieces, but often they are quite simple, functional buildings. Christianity first spread in the cities in the littoral areas of the Balkan peninsula, penetrating inland only very slowly, so that some parts were christened only in the 4th and 5th centuries. Baptisteries were usually components of larger architectural complexes, and only seldom were they self-standing structures next to basilicas, such as is the case in Caričin grad, Gamzigrad, Taliata, Trebinje and Peter’s Church near Novi Pazar. Quatrefoil baptisteries typologically hail from the East. In the territory of today’s Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, quadrangular baptisteries are the most frequent. This type of baptistery is among the oldest, and the first examples are from Aquillea and Truyere. If baptisteries are within the framework of basilicas, as a rule they are located in the northern section. Some baptisteries had an apsidal niche with an altar, as the eucharistic rite would be performed after the baptism. Several baptisteries in the narthex have been noted, namely in Remesiana, Gradac, Lepenica and Majdan. Octogonal baptisteries are characteristic of the western parts of the Empire, but in Nerezi a baptistery was registered that was rectangular on the outside and octogonal on the inside. The piscinas are as a rule cruciform, and this type belongs to the Salonitian circle of monuments. Apart from that, there exist oval, circular and octagonal piscinas. Quatrefoil piscinas originate in the Orient. The first baptisteries were built next to episcopal basilicas characterised by monumentality and rich decoration. In the beginning only episcopes could baptize, but later this right was vested in lower-ranking clergy as well. That is when baptisteries appeared also in basilicas distant from urban centres. The baptismal rite was performed by immersion and very rarely by infusion, as for instance, in Vrba. Initially, mainly adults were baptized, and as of the 6th century, children started to be baptized as well. With the introduction of children’s baptisms, the dimensions of the piscina became smaller. Once Christianization had gained foothold, children started to be baptized. The dimensions of the baptisteries were reduced and traces of such adaptations are observable on some of them.
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- Ратна флота Балшића
- Although the Balšićs (1360–1421) ruled a part of the Adriatic coast, their power farther from the mainland was almost not felt. Like other nobles and rulers whose areas and states had access to the southeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, the Balšićs, despite numerous attempts, did not manage to become a maritime force even in regional terms. Venice almost fully controlled the territory of the southeastern Adriatic. Its power in this area was not jeopardised even by the Treaty of Zadar (1358) and the Peace of Turin (1381), according to which it was forced to withdraw from the territory from Kvarner to Durazzo. Venice considered the Adriatic Sea its possession and as of the 12th century it began to call it Golfo de Venezia or Mare Venetorum. It endeavoured by all means to prevent the rulers of little maritime states and areas from jeopardising its monopoly and dominance on the sea. In the territories it considered the sphere of its military, political and trade interests, it prevented the attempts of local lords, regardless of whether they were its allies and friends or not, to have strong maritime forces and shift their activities to a greater extent to the sea. Venice treated the Balšićs in the same way. The Balšićs were aware of the importance of having armed ships as not having them posed a great obstacle to their conquering plans, but was also a deficiency in terms of the security of their estates. Historical sources provide only sporadic data about the Balšićs’ attempts to possess armed ships, i.e. create a war fleet. Based on individual data, we can conclude that they did not have heavily armed ships – those were mostly light war ships or ships which they armed and thus changed their purpose. We are therefore not able to gain a real picture about the strength and composition of the Balšićs’ fleet. It is, however, possible to conclude that in some periods their war fleet represented a significant force as it is only thus possible to explain the attacks at Cattaro in around 1366 and Scutari in 1410.
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- Религијска пракса становника космајских рудника у доба Царства
- The preserved material remnants of religious practice at the time of the Roman Empire in Kosmaj generally originate from the second and third centuries A.D. – the period when the mine was most active. The presence of Roman, Greek and oriental cults has been recorded. It is believed that they testify to the diverse origin of the inhabitants of the Kosmaj mines who came, among other places, from Thrace, Bithynia, Phrygia and Dalmatia. With regard to Roman deities witnessed in epigraphic monuments in Kosmaj, they are interpreted in two ways: it is considered that they reflect the state cult or social obligation in some inscriptions, while in other inscriptions their mention is considered the expression of a personal religious need of the dedicators. As in many other mining areas, the existence of the mine and the connection of the Kosmaj population with the mine and activities within the mine resulted in the creation of cults of gods that were considered protectors of miners and mineral wealth.
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- Реформски пакет Едварда Греја за Македонију 1908. године
- Edward Grey's reform proposition concerning Macedonia, dating from February 1908, was composed of four parts and represented the attempt of the great re-emergence of the English politics on the Balkans as well as on the international political scene. The package of measures presented before the British Parliament representatives has not been uniformly welcome in the European capitals and in the Balkans. Berlin, Vienna, Petrograd and Rome, the main European centers of those days, refused to accept the plan, justifying their decision by the financial difficulties, i.e. the impossibility for the bigger contingents of the international police forces, consequently empowered by a greater authority, to implement a peace process in Macedonia, instead of the reduced Turkish troops. In essence, this was more likely due to the fact that Vienna and Petrograd did not find the unexpected British implication in the Balkan affairs convenient at that very moment, since it violated their conception of the maintaining the status quo position, that is, the balance of the forces in that area. The plan has not been accepted in Belgrade neither, contrary to Sofia, where it has been fully embraced. Grey was ready to revise the plan, having realized that the it was doomed to failure, in its presented form, without the overall accord reached by the Great Forces. The key change the British government integrated in the revised text was to abandon the idea of decreasing the number of Turkish troops in Macedonia. On the other hand, the Russion diplomacy proposed the package of measures at the end of March 1908, which was basically founded on the English plan, especially on the part concerning the increased authority of the police forces. This partly modificated Grey's plan and the Russian one, having contained the majority of the precepts of the original plan designed by the head of the Forreign Office, served as the basis for the negotiations held between Izvolski and Nicholson in Petrograd, who prepared the platform for the Russo-British talks that were to be held at Reval, on the basis of the two forementioned plans. At the time being, the agreement over the joint project on the necessity of implementing pacification process in Macedonia was reached, but also on the need for that region to gain its autonomous administration authority. Nevertheless, the occurrence of the Young Turk Revolution prevented the realization of the joint plan. This encounter has turned a new page in the mutual relationships and reinforced the accord reached on the issues concerning Macedonia. Edward Grey's plan represented only the first step made in that direction.
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- Ростислав Фадејев и Источно питање
- Big changes which took place in Europe in the sixties and seventies ofthe 19th century also reflected on society. In Russia, a new intellectual movement emerged – Pan-Slavism, which often worked to the benefit of the official foreign policy of the Russian Empire. The leading publicist of Russian Pan-Slavism was Rostislav Andreyevich Fadeyev (1824–1884), a resigning general. His basic idea concerning the Eastern Question was to initiate a pan-Balkan uprising, to be joined by the Russian Empire, leading to the liberation and unification of all Slavs into a pan-Slavic federation, seated in Tsarigrad, under the auspices of the Russian Tsar. The necessary condition precedent for the establishment of a common Slavic state was the destruction of Austria-Hungary. That was exactly the essence of Russian Pan-Slavism. Highly interested in solving the Eastern Question “in Russian spirit“, R. A. Fadeyev saw his opportunity in the outbreak of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878). Between 1876 and 1878, with the support of the highest Russian officials, general Fadeyev travelled to the Balkans on several occasions, trying to influence the course of events there by his actions. His activity was embodied in the whole-hearted support to Bulgarians because Tsarigrad, by its nature, was accessible only via Bulgaria. He strongly believed that with military cooperation between Balkan allies and the Russian Empire, Tsarigrad could fall into the Russian hands. The Treaty of Berlin represented a great defeat for Russian Pan-Slavism. As a typical representative of Russian Pan-Slavists, during the Berlin meetings of the European powers’ delegates, general Fadeyev, with the support of Russian officials, tried to instigate new turmoil in the Balkans; however, that was no longer possible.
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- Рудник Жежна и рударство Рогозне и Подбуковика у 16. веку
- Rogozna Mountain and the area of Podbukovik are located in the south of Serbia, between Ibar and Raška rivers. In this area an extremely large number of old mining works remains were found. During the Serbian medieval state, only a few written records of mining in Rogozna from the 14th century were preserved. The works were not of a large scale and seemed to have been suspended by the 15th century. Even after the Ottoman conquest in the mid 15th century there was no mining activity, all until 1516 when a new silver mine Žežna at Mount Rogozna was first mentioned. The mine’s name was often mistakenly read as Drina, Lozna, Serserne in historiography, or it was mixed with a similar title Ržana mine, whose location was also not known. This paper shows that the Žežna and Ržana were two mines, of which the first one was located on the eastern slopes of Rogozna Mountain, and the other one in the southern parts of Kopaonik Mountain. The formation of the Žežna mine’s işçi hâs, with about 20 villages, is presented. These villages later formed the Žežna nâhiye too. Based on the Ottoman financial sources, it was revealed that another four smaller mines on Mount Rogozna belonged to the Žežna mine, as follows: Leskova Glava, Crnac, Kaluder and Strmelj. During mid-16th century in Podbukovik area, three more mines were opened: Orahovo, Lukovo and Lipovica. They also belonged to the Žežna mine and a new işçi hâs was created around them. The analysis of the eight mine locations determined that they are precisely at the places where the most numerous remains of ancient mining were preserved. By comparison with the modern geological research, it can also be concluded that the mines were opened on all lead-zinc-rich deposits in mentioned areas. During the twenties and thirties of the 16th century, annual silver production at the Žežna mine was more than a ton, while in the next period was usually between 300 and 500 kilograms. It was noted that in the mines and the Žežna hâslar the number of Muslims was unusally low. Until the seventies of the 16th century, Christians were the tenants and members of the mining administration. Only later, Muslims tend to take over the leases, while mining administration became religiously mixed. Žežna nâhiye administratively belonged to Prizren sancak, in the judicial terms was the responsibility of the Brvenik kâdî, while mining operations were under the supervision of the Skopje nezâret. The Žežna mine had successfully operated till Vienna War (1683- 1699), during which the Rogozna and Podbukovik mining production was permanently suspended.