Istraživanja – Journal of Historical Researches
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Istraživanja – Journal of Historical Researches is dedicated to publishing the best academic ideas regarding all aspects of socio-political processes and events primarily in the region of Central and South East Europe, as well as the Eastern Mediterranean. However, the geographical focus is not strict since the studies of all phenomena and processes which occur elsewhere but are relevant for mentioned geographical area are welcomed. Since the University of Novi Sad is located in the part of the world where different civilizations, cultures, religions and peoples have met and intertwined for millennia, Istraživanja especially emphasizes the critical research of the impact and significance of these mutual interactions and entanglements. The Journal greatly values an interdisciplinary approach, which is why it publishes not only the papers that study “typical” political history, but also works which critically analyze social and cultural life in the past (material culture, political thought, literature, religion, etc.) and come from the fields of archaeology, anthropology, ethnology, art history and classical studies. However, Istraživanja - Journal of Historical Researches does not publish "rough" unanalyzed materials, field, questionnaires and interviews reports, pure linguistic analyses or any kind of contributions limited to bare reproduction of data and uncritical synthesis of previous scholarship.
ISSN: 0350-2112
eISSN: 2406-1131
UDC: 94(082)
COBISS.SR-ID: 17763584
doi: 10.19090/i
Published by: University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Philosophy, Journal website
Pages
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- СРЕДЊОВЈЕКОВНИ МАНАСТИРИ У СКАДАРСКОМ БАСЕНУ У ПЕРИОДИЦИ НА ПРОСТОРУ ЦРНЕ ГОРЕ ОД 1835. ДО 1941. ГОДИНЕ
- This paper analyses the articles in periodicals published in the territory of Montenegro from 1835 to 1941, which describe the monasteries in the basin of Lake Skadar. During the Middle Ages the Lake and its surroundings geographically belonged to Duklja, Zeta and was part of the states that left rich cultural legacy. Serbian ruling dynasties the Vojislavljević, Nemanjić, Balšić and Cmojević built monasteries in basin of the lake and bestowed on them rich gifts, such as Prečista Krajinska, Vranjina, Beška, Starčevo, Moračnik, and Kom. Filip Radičević, Ilarion Ruvarac, Andrija Jovićević, Marko Dragovic, Lazar Tomanović, Toma Oraovac et al. wrote about these monasteries in Montenegrin periodicals. A large number of these articles spoke about the great role and influence of the Serbian Orthodox Church in this area during the Middle Ages, thus saving the tradition about the size and power of Serbian medieval state.
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- СРЕДЊОВЕКОВНИ НАЛАЗИ РАОНИКА И ПРИКАЗИ РАЛА НА ДЕЧАНСКИМ ФРЕСКАМА
- Most of the population in the territory of Serbia dealt with agriculture in the Middle Ages. An important tool for plowing was the plough. Its main parts were: ploughshare, disc coulter, and mouldboard, which was attached to a share and a handle. All parts were made of wood, except the share, which was made of iron. On this occasion, there have been selected only those archaeological artifacts of the plough which could be recognized on the frescoes of Dečani. It's a kind of symmetrical two-sided plough with a slightly smaller body of triangular shape, with a long massive thorn. Only three such ploughshares are known: from around Smederevo (Fig. 1 / a), from the site Pontes - Trajan's Bridge (Fig. 1 / b), and from the Morava region, the site of Jošanički Prnjavor (Fig. 1/v). Since the ploughs from Smederevo and Jošanički Prnjavor sites were found accidentally, according to the analogies with the Bulgarian sites, they originated from the period 10-13 century. The ploughs from the site Pontes - Trajan originated from the early medieval layers of 10 - 11 century. Medieval wall paintings are very important as a source for studying the tools. Fine performances of the plough are known to us from three frescos in Decani: Sacrifice of Cain and Abel (Fig. 3), Who steals someone else's field (Fig. 4) and St. George resurrects Glikerije’s ox. Ploughshare displayed on the Dečani frescoes are similar to those described in this paper, while the ploughs, by their construction, are appropriate to two-sided ploughs. (Fig. 2). Besides the archaeological findings, the frescoes of Dečani provide visual and chronological information on the plough and its metal part, the ploughshare, which was the only preserved among the archaeological artifacts. Dečani frescos were mostly from the period 1338/9-1343, and their painting was fully completed in 1347/8. The historical data on the plough belong to the same period. The Dečani charter of King Dušan mentioned the word "ralije (plough)". A written description of the plough as a tool for plowing was preserved in the Serbian translation of the Byzantine Agricultural Law. Based on archaeological findings of symmetrical ploughs and the art performances of the plough, as well as based on historical data, it could be said that the plough was in use for a very long time, and that most of the population were farmers.
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- СРЕДЊОВЕКОВНО НАСЛЕЂЕ КАО СОЦИОЛОШКИ ОСНОВ ДЕФИНИСАЊА СРПСКЕ ЕЛИТЕ XVI ВЕКА
- The paper discusses the sociological analysis of the elite formation in the Middle Ages in the territory of Serbian states, and the acceptance of the inheritance by the emerging leading groups of the Serbian society. After the disappearance of the medieval Serbian states in the Ottoman Empire, partially in the Christian countries in which Serbian people he lived, was grown into a new social class dealing with the warrior profession on behalf of the state in which he lived. This paper analyzes the extent to which he inherited the medieval legacy of the Serbian ruling class and the state.
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- СРЕМСКИ БИСКУПИ 1229–1534
- On the basis of the archive materials of primarily Hungarian and other diplomats, and numerous literature, the paper attempts to create hitherto the most complete and the most accurate chronological order of Roman Catholic Sirmium bishops in the Sirmium bishopric from its foundation in 1229 to the Battle of Mohacs in 1526, and to the fall of the medieval Hungarian kingdom. Unfortunately, there are few data on the majority of the bishops, and enough information only about some of the bishops. The author tried to reconstruct as many bishops’ biographies as possible, as well as the details of their bishop post in Sirmium in the Middle Ages. For most of them, there were just data witnessing when the numerous charters of Hungarian kings were brought on various issues. The biography of all the bishops before their arrival to Sirmium, and after their departure, was reconstructed wherever it was possible. A special attention was paid to the famous church dignitaries who left an indelible mark in the history of medieval Hungary, and humanists who were at the head of the Sirmium Diocese.
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- СТАВОВИ СРПСКИХ ЛИБЕРАЛА ИЗ УГАРСКЕ О СРПСКО-БУГАРСКОМ РАТУ
- Serbian liberal party in Hungary was divided into three fractions in 1884: Conservative, Radical and Liberal. Conservatives accepted a new program in Kikinda which made them closer to the Hungarian government. Radicals wanted to keep the old “Beckerek program”, but they also wanted to supplement it with some socialist ideas. Liberals, as a continuing political party, kept the name Serbian Liberal Party until the end of their existence and they held on to declarative “Beckerek program” and pure national and liberal political platform. From 1885, Serbian liberals from Hungary gathered around “Branik” magazine, which foundation coincided with prewar culmination of relations between Serbia and Bulgaria. There was a dispute between Serbia and Bulgaria due to Serbian emigrants, who escaped to Bulgaria after the failure of mutiny and agitated against the ascendancy of Serbian Kingdom from Bulgarian bordering areas. Moreover, the Timok River changed its course, so that a minor Serbian property near Bregovo belonged to Bulgaria. Russia’s earlier plans were to create “The Grat Bulgaria”, including some Turkish territories which Serbia claimed to it. The duke Aleksandar Betenberg ruled Bulgaria. Russians were against him, and Austrians were on the side of the Serbian government that was supporting Austria. There was a sudden amalgamation of Bulgaria in September 1885, when the Bulgarian patriots in the province of Eastern Rumelija deprived the Turkish governor of his duties. King Milan of Serbia and the chief of progressive government, Milutin Garašanin, were dissatisfied with Bulgarian amalgamation and had neither courage, nor support to get compensation from Turkish territories. Therefore they started a war against Bulgaria, which cause was not taking Bulgarian territories, but returning the Balkans into the previous state. Serbian Liberals from Hungary, Miša Dimitrijević, Paja Janković and Nikola Joksimović, criticized Serbia’s will to begin the war against Bulgaria. They considered Serbia taking Macedonia and Old Serbia to be a fair compensation. Although Serbian Liberals in Hungary were against Serbo-Bulgarian war, they thought that if the war began nevertheless, all Serbs should give their support to it. Serbian Liberals criticized Croatian public which had shown that they were greater sympathizers of Bulgaria than of Serbia. The Liberals answered false accusations of Belgrade newspapers that they supported Bulgaria. When the war began, they appealed to the entire Serbian population to be supportive of Serbian army. After Serbia’s defeat, Bulgarian taking over of Pirot and truce that was due to Austro-Hungarian Empire, Serbian Liberals in Hungary considered continuation of fight, victory and declining of Austria’s interference to be the way out of the situation. In the period between the beginning of the truce on November 28, 1885 and the ratification of the peace on March 3, 1886, there was an intensive political action in Serbia. The king made the first contacts with the leader of the opposing Liberals in Serbia, Jovan Ristic, who made the Serbian Liberals from Hungary to focus their speeches and critics both on Garasanin’s politics and the government of Progressive Party. That way they enabled the abolition of the king’s responsibilities in order to make a fallback for potential government of the political party in Serbia with similar goals.
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- СТУДЕНТСКИ ПРОТЕСТ НА НОВОСАДСКОМ УНИВЕРЗИТЕТУ ЈУНА 1968. ГОДИНЕ
- The tumultuous protests that engulfed the student population in 1968 all around the World, did not evade the socialist Yugoslavia. First the Belgrade students, and then the students from all the other Yugoslav Universities went on strike and identified the requirements for more equitable social relations. University of Novi Sad was on the sidelines of events in this large protest movement, during the first decade of June 1968. Conferences that were held at the faculties and university dormitories within the University of Novi Sad were of a less protest nature. They were organized more for the purpose of solidarity with Belgrade colleagues, and tranquilized by the measures taken by the communist government. A number of "incidents" was very small. Such characteristics of the students’ movement in Novi Sad were a result of the well-organized action taken by the highest party forums in Vojvodina, as it could be seen from the minutes of the PK meeting.
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- СУОЧАВАЊЕ СА МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЈСКИМ ИЗАЗОВОМ – БРИТАНСКИ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРНИ ПРОЈЕКТИ НА БАЛКАНУ 1851 – 1852. И СРБИЈА
- British plans for economic infiltration into the interior of the Balkans in the early fifties of the nineteenth century coincided with the then major efforts of the Serbian government in the field of economic development of the country, and desires for liberation of the Serbian trade from the Austrian monopoly. Observing the activities of Prince Alexander and the Constitution defenders related to the British infrastructure projects, especially to the idea of Trans-Balkan railway construction, the conclusion has been made that dealing with this problem was conditioned by the dominant foreign policy. While the traffic connection with the Adriatic ports and the opening of the Serbian trade towards the new route to European markets, which was independent of the Austrian control, mostly corresponded with the needs, financial capabilities and a level of economic development of Serbia, the construction of the railway undoubtedly exceeded the needs of the undeveloped Serbian market and the backward agrarian economy that was far from development which would impose the necessity to provide faster transport of the large quantities of products. However, regardless of the foreign policy requirements, a particular importance was given to the fact that the position taken in relation to negotiations between Porta and British financiers to build the Trans-Balkan railway set up the basic principle of the Prince Alexander and the defenders of the Constitution, which was the principle of the future rulers and governments as well - any agreement made between Porta and a foreign company could not apply to Serbia if the Serbian ruler and the government did not agree to it. Serbia intended to independently decide on this issue despite of its vassal status. Construction of the railway was too important for political and economic development of each country, and therefore the Serbian government did not allow deciding on this matter without the knowledge of their legitimate representatives.
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- ТРАГОВИ АНТИЧКОГ НИША У ДЕЛИМА ПУТОПИСАЦА XVI ВЕКА
- In this paper the author presents, in brief, both ancient past of Naissus and ancient remains of this significant city in the 16th and 17th centuries. A great number of travellers passing through this city described it in their writings. Many of them travelling as western envoys towards Constantinople noticed and described our people, customs, national costumes, but also the remains from the antiquity to the Turkish sultan. These records had great significance for later research of our scientists.
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- ТРАДИЦИОНАЛНИ ОБРАСЦИ БЕСЕДНИЧКОГ УБЕЂИВАЊА У ЕСХИНОВОЈ РЕТОРИЦИ
- The paper discusses the main elements of persuasion in Aeschines oratory. A particular aspect of the research is the comparison of Aeschines’s and Demosthenes’s oratory. It tries to give an answer how far Aeschines’s oratory, especially his art of persuasion, is the product of skill (techne), and how much it is the product of the rhetoric gift (physis)? The study of the ancient Greek rhetorical heritage provides a better and clearer demonstration of the structure and importance of a persuasion skill, both in the ancient times and in the modern communication theory. This way of looking at the rhetorical theory and praxis includes an interdisciplinary approach to this problem, which becomes increasingly integrated into the systems of modern scientific research.
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- УЏБЕНИЧКО ПИТАЊЕ У ПРОСВЕТНОЈ ПОЛИТИЦИ КРАЉЕВИНЕ ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ (1929-1941)
- By introducing the dictatorship on January 6, 1929 King Alexander intended to impose economic and cultural uniformity in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After the introduction of the Law on schoolbooks for people’s schools, citizens’ schools, teachers’ schools and secondary schools on September 27, 1929, the educational authorities started dealing with the question of schoolbooks more intensively. It was clear that desired changes in the education system could be made through schoolbooks, that is, uniformed state schoolbooks. The question of schoolbooks drew attention of all the parties interested in the process of their creation, approval, publishing and usage. Schoolbooks were discussed in the National Assembly, among general public and especially in the professional community. There were strong reactions after the Call for the proposals for schoolbooks at the beginning of 1935. State monopoly over schoolbook publishing was harshly criticised and the concept was abandoned in 1938. During 1939 educational authorities accepted the view that particularities of certain parts of the country were to be recognised, thus abandoning the concept of uniformed state schoolbooks.
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- УПОРЕДНА АНАЛИЗА АГРАРНЕ РЕФОРМЕ И КОЛОНИЗАЦИЈЕ НАКОН СТВАРАЊА ПРВЕ И ДРУГЕ ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКЕ ДРЖАВЕ
- The work is carried out synthetic comparison of similarities and differences of agrarian reform and colonization of the Vojvodina area after the First and Second World Wars, with special emphasis that they have many similarities, especially in the national politics of both Yugoslav states, the Slavic influence of these areas, and try to solve social conditions.
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- УСТАНАК АРБАНАСА ПРОТИВ ТУРСКИХ ВЛАСТИ У СКОПСКОМ И КОСОВСКОМ ПАШАЛУКУ 1844. ГОДИНЕ (ПОБУНА ДЕРВИШ-ЦАРА)
- Despite high expectations of central Turkish authorities that the proclamation of the Hatt-i §erif of Gulhane would re-establish order in the Ottoman Empire, the events that followed proved otherwise. Decisions of the Hatt-i §erif of Gulhane not only did nothing to stabilise the political and economic situation in Turkey and improve the status of Christians, but actually had negative results. Instead of a period of progress and development in the Ottoman Empire, in 1839 began a period of anarchy, rebellions and uprisings in almost all pashaliks of Rumelia vilayet. The main category which defined the social and agrarian legal relations was faith. Religious teachings of Islam and Sharia Law clearly defined the position of the non-Muslim population as second-class citizens, who did not have the right to influence the social, political and economic conditions in the Ottoman Empire. Anti-reform propaganda was strongest in Old Serbia, where the local population of Arnauts took extremely hostile stance on the introduced reforms. Heavily influenced by their religious ideology, socio-politically conscious Arnauts did not change their attitude towards the position of Serbian population in Turkey. Dissatisfaction of Arnauts culminated in 1844 in the uprising that spread to Pashaliks of Kosovo and Skopje.